Glossary

395 terms, one discipline.

A reference vocabulary for design, web, SEO, and GEO. Every term comes with a clear definition, updated in May 2026.

Terms: 395
Updated: May 2026

Lexique

Tout le vocabulairedu métier, en une page.

Le glossaire de référence Studjoow. Design, web, marketing, SEO, GEO, print et typographie réunis. Cherche un terme, navigue par catégorie, ou consulte comme une encyclopédie.

395 termes27 catégoriesFrançaisMAJ 2026-05

Catégorie 0120 termes

Communication.

Brand identity, print materials, image formats, and color codes.

Brand Guidelines: A reference document that defines the usage of a logo, colors, typefaces, and visual elements of a brand. It ensures consistency across all touchpoints: website, print, signage, and social media.
LogoLogotype: A unique graphic representation that visually identifies a brand, product, or organization. A core element of visual identity, it typically combines a graphic mark with typography.
PictogramPicto: A simplified graphic representation of an idea, action, or object. Universal and comprehensible without text, it transcends language barriers and is used in signage, interfaces, and packaging.
Infographic: A synthetic visual representation combining text, data, and illustrations to simplify complex subjects. Often formatted vertically, it improves readability, retention, and shareability.
Layout Grid: A system of vertical and horizontal guides separated by gutters that structures a page. It organizes information hierarchy, balances blocks, and ensures visual consistency.
Business Card: A small printed material bearing professional contact details: name, title, company, phone, email, and website. Standard size is 85×55 mm, typically printed in four-color process on 350 gsm paper.
Correspondence Card: A card larger than a business card, designed to accompany a mailed message with handwritten text. It reflects brand identity while leaving white space for writing.
Bleed: A 3–5 mm overflow margin added around a document for printing. It compensates for guillotine cutting imprecision and prevents white borders from appearing on solid color areas.
PantonePMS: An international color reference system that identifies a color by a unique code (e.g., Pantone 286 C). It ensures color uniformity across media, printers, and countries, essential for brand identity.
CMYKCyan, Magenta, Jaune, Noir: A subtractive color mode used in printing. The four inks overlap to reproduce colors. It has a narrower spectrum than RGB; all print files must be prepared in CMYK.
RGBRouge, Vert, Bleu: An additive color mode for screens: televisions, computers, and smartphones. Three primary light colors combine to produce all displayable hues. Must be converted to CMYK before printing.
Hexadecimal CodeHex: A notation for colors in HTML/CSS formatted as #RRGGBB, where each pair represents an intensity from 00 to FF for red, green, and blue. The universal standard for web and digital interfaces.
PNG: A lossless raster image format with transparency support. Ideal for logos, screenshots, and visuals requiring a transparent background. Heavier than JPG, to be superseded by WebP in 2026.
JPGJPEG: A compressed raster image format with lossy compression. Lightweight and suited for web photography. Does not support transparency or animation. WebP or AVIF are preferred for better performance.
GIF: An animated image format limited to 256 colors. Historic on the web but now outdated for modern content: prefer animated WebP, AVIF, or MP4 video for superior rendering and file size.
SVGScalable Vector Graphics: A vector format based on XML. Remains sharp at all sizes, ideal for logos, icons, and illustrations. Lightweight, indexable, animatable in CSS, and accessible: the essential standard for web 2026.
Vector Image: An image built from geometric shapes (line segments, Bezier curves, polygons) defined mathematically. Infinitely scalable without quality loss. Formats: SVG, AI, EPS.
Raster ImageBitmap: An image composed of a grid of colored pixels. Quality depends on resolution: excessive enlargement causes blur and pixelation. Formats: JPG, PNG, WebP, TIFF.
Golden Ratioφ: A mathematical ratio of approximately 1.618 used to create harmonious compositions. Applied in design to proportion logos, layouts, and spatial architectures since antiquity.
Break the Rules: A marketing strategy that deliberately ruptures visual and communication conventions within an industry. It allows a brand to differentiate itself but carries the risk of audience disorientation.

Catégorie 0215 termes

Logo & Branding.

Brand identity, branding strategy, brand ambassadors, and differentiation tactics.

Branding: The full range of marketing actions designed to establish a brand durably in consumer consciousness. It builds awareness, image, and loyalty rather than driving immediate sales.
Visual Identity: The complete set of graphic elements that represent a brand: logo, color palette, typefaces, icons, and photography. Codified in a brand guidelines document to ensure consistency across all touchpoints.
Responsive Logo: A logo whose elements and layout adapt to available space. Includes simplified versions for favicon, mobile, and watermark use, preserving legibility across all display contexts.
Logo Parody: Modification of an official brand logo, often for humorous, activist, or satirical purposes. Regulated by trademark law but generally tolerated under freedom of expression.
Co-Branding: A collaboration between two distinct brands to create a joint product or campaign. Combines both brands' recognition and appeal to reach new audiences.
DNVBDigital Native Vertical Brand: A brand born on the internet that controls its entire value chain: design, production, marketing, and direct sales. Grows via social media and e-commerce without intermediaries (e.g., Bonobos, Le Slip Français).
Personal Branding: A strategy in which an individual positions themselves as a brand to showcase expertise. Leverages LinkedIn, blogs, speaking engagements, and podcasts—essential for freelancers, executives, and thought leaders.
Brand Ambassador: A person—whether a passionate customer or hired representative—who promotes a brand within their network. Types include loyal customers, occasional influencers, celebrity endorsers, and internal employees.
Brand StoryBrand storytelling: A narrative of a brand's origins, values, and heritage. A powerful tool in luxury marketing and emotional communication—it creates lasting connection with audiences.
Perceptual Mapping: A graphical representation on two axes that positions multiple brands according to perceived criteria (price, quality, innovation). Used for competitive analysis and strategic positioning.
Brainstorming: A collective creativity technique where participants freely share ideas without judgment. Led by a facilitator, it generates a pool of hypotheses that are then filtered and structured.
Product Marketing ManagerProduct manager: The executive responsible for the marketing mix of a product or brand within an organization. Manages positioning, pricing, distribution, and communication in alignment with overall strategy.
INPIInstitut National de la Propriété Industrielle: The French organization that administers the trademark and patent registry. All trademark filings begin with an availability search on inpi.fr, followed by the official registration procedure.
Qualitative Research: Market research based on interviews, focus groups, or observations. Explores motivations, barriers, and perceptions in depth, unlike quantitative studies that measure.
Netiquette: Informal rules of courtesy and respect in digital communication. Applies to email, forums, and social media: what you would not do face-to-face, you do not do online.

Catégorie 0317 termes

Web Marketing.

Acquisition, conversion, analytics and performance of online campaigns.

SEOSearch Engine Optimization: Search engine optimization: a set of techniques that improve a website's visibility in organic search results on Google and Bing. Three pillars: on-page (content, tags), technical (crawl, performance), off-page (backlinks).
SEMSearch Engine Advertising: Paid search: purchasing keywords to display ads in sponsored search results. Main platforms: Google Ads, Microsoft Advertising. Billing per click (CPC) or per thousand impressions (CPM).
SXOSearch Experience Optimization: The intersection of SEO and UX that optimizes content and user journey. Aims to satisfy both algorithms and users, especially for voice search and conversational queries.
Inbound Marketing: A strategy that attracts prospects through quality content rather than disruptive advertising. Blog posts, whitepapers, webinars: you capture qualified audiences that come to you organically.
Outbound Marketing: Traditional push marketing: TV, radio, print advertising, cold outreach, mass emails. Pushes the message to a broad audience. Contrasts with inbound, which attracts.
Google Adsex-AdWords: Google's ad platform: Search, Display, YouTube, Shopping, Performance Max. Billing by CPC or CPM, targeting by keywords, audience, geography, and device.
Google Analytics 4GA4: Google's audience analytics tool, based on events rather than sessions. Measures traffic, user journey, conversions, and attribution. Successor to Universal Analytics since July 2023.
Meta Pixelex-Pixel Facebook: A JavaScript tag installed on a website that tracks visitor actions (views, cart additions, purchases). Enables retargeting ads and conversion measurement on Facebook and Instagram.
Cookie: A small file stored by a website on a visitor's browser. Stores preferences, session data, and analytics. Regulated by GDPR and ePrivacy: consent is required for non-essential cookies.
Email Marketing: Mass sending of electronic messages to a subscriber list for commercial or editorial purposes. Key metrics: open rate, click rate, unsubscribe rate. Tools: Brevo, Mailchimp, Resend.
Landing Page: A conversion-focused page: single objective, minimal distractions, clear call to action. Receives traffic from Ads campaigns, emails, or social media. Optimizable through A/B testing.
CTRClick-Through Rate: Click-through rate: clicks divided by impressions. Measures the appeal of an ad, email, or search result. A low CTR signals weak relevance.
Conversion RateCVR: The percentage of visitors who complete the desired action (purchase, signup, contact). A core performance indicator for a page or campaign. Optimizable through A/B testing and CRO.
Engagement Rate: On social media, the ratio of interactions (likes, comments, shares, clicks) to reach. Measures how well a post resonates with its audience.
Community ManagerCM: A professional who manages a brand's social media communities: content creation, moderation, responses, monitoring, and reporting. Often reports to marketing or communications.
Marketing Strategy: An action plan that defines objectives, target segments, positioning, and marketing mix (product, price, distribution, communication). Aligns with business strategy and breaks into operational plans.
Marketing Campaign: A cohesive set of actions conducted over a set period to promote a product or message. Uses multiple channels: SEO, Ads, social, email, PR, events.

Catégorie 0437 termes

Printing.

Printing processes, finishing techniques, and technical vocabulary for print production.

Offset: The most widely used indirect printing process for medium and large runs. The image transfers via a blanket before reaching paper. High quality, cost-effective above 500 copies.
Digital: Direct printing from a file, without plates or cylinders. Suited for small runs, variable data, and tight deadlines. Quality comparable to offset since 2020.
Four-Color PrintingQuadri: Image reproduction through overlapping cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks. The standard technique for color printing, sufficient for 90% of applications.
Two-Color Printing: Printing in two colors, typically black plus one Pantone ink. Used for restrained graphic effects and cost savings.
Pantone: Pre-mixed Pantone reference ink, applied solid on press. Used for out-of-gamut colors, fluorescents, metallics, and guaranteed color accuracy.
DPIDots Per Inch: Resolution measured in dots per inch. 300 dpi is the minimum for quality printing; 72 dpi is sufficient for web. Equivalent to PPI (points per inch).
DTPPublication Assistée par Ordinateur: The collection of techniques for creating and laying out documents on computer for print. Leading software: Adobe InDesign, Illustrator, Photoshop, Affinity Publisher.
PDFPortable Document Format: Universal format created by Adobe that preserves layout, fonts, and colors across all platforms. Standard for designer-to-printer exchange (PDF/X-1a, PDF/X-4).
InDesign: Adobe layout software for books, magazines, and brochures. Native format: .indd. Industry standard for multipage documents.
IllustratorAI: Adobe vector design software for logos, icons, and illustrations. Native format: .ai. Essential companion to InDesign and Photoshop.
PhotoshopPSD: Adobe photo editing and raster creation software. Native format: .psd. Global standard for bitmap image processing.
Bleed: Overflow margin (3 to 5 mm) added around a document's final size. Trimmed at the guillotine, it prevents white edges from appearing on solid fills. Also called safety margin.
Gripper Margin: Non-printable edge margin of 8 to 12 mm that allows the press gripper to hold the sheet. Must be accounted for during document setup.
Coated Stock: Paper whose surface has received a mineral coating that improves print quality. Available in gloss, matte, and satin finishes. Standard for high-end magazines and catalogs.
Finishing: Post-press operations: cutting, folding, collating, binding, stapling, notching. Transforms the printed sheet into a finished document.
Collating: The finishing operation that arranges signatures or sheets in correct order before binding. Critical step for multipage documents.
Insertion: Placing one printed piece inside another, such as an ad insert in a magazine or an instruction sheet in packaging.
Notch: A cut made along the edge of a page to aid navigation. Widely used in agendas, directories, and reference books.
Saddle Stitch: Binding with staples placed through the fold, forming the spine. Economical and fast, suitable for up to about 64 pages.
Folding: Forming a sheet through successive folds. Common types: roll, accordion, letter, window, and cross folds. Selection depends on panel count and use.
Lamination: Application of a thin transparent plastic film over the printed surface. Gloss, matte, or soft-touch: protects, enhances, and delivers premium finish.
Varnish: Application of varnish over all or part of the print. Adds shine, protection, or matte effect. More economical than lamination.
Spot Varnish: Varnish applied only to specific areas (logo, image, headline) to create tactile and visual contrast. Requires a dedicated mask file.
Overprinting: Additional printing on an already-printed document, typically for personalization: address, name, date. Avoids reprinting the entire base.
Run: The production phase on press, after setup and approval. The actual printing stage.
Watermark: A motif embedded in the paper itself, visible when held to light. A mark of authenticity and quality, widely used on currency, letterheads, and certificates.
Folio: Page numbering of a document. Follows editorial conventions: even pages on left, odd on right, with folio hidden on section pages.
Dummy: A schematic layout showing all pages of a multipage document with their content. Essential planning tool for magazines and books.
ProofBon À Tirer: Final client approval before printing begins. Legally binding: any defect not flagged on the proof is the client's responsibility.
Blueline: A control proof sent to the client before the main print run. Allows verification of color, layout, and content. May be digital or printed on the final press.
Portrait: Vertical orientation: height exceeds width. Dominant format for books, vertical posters, and magazines.
Landscape: Horizontal orientation: width exceeds height. Suited for photographic landscapes, panoramas, and presentations.
Drop Cap: An enlarged first letter spanning multiple lines, often ornate or styled. Inherited from illuminated manuscripts; today a graphic flourish in carefully designed editions.
Primary Color: A base color from which all others are composed. In printing: cyan, magenta, yellow (subtractive synthesis). In light: red, green, blue (additive synthesis).
Subtractive Color: A color model where pigments absorb part of the light. The more colors overlap, the darker the result. Governs CMYK printing.
Additive Color: A color model where light sources combine. The more colors overlap, the brighter the result. Governs RGB screens.
FTP ServerFile Transfer Protocol: Protocol and server for exchanging files over the internet. Allows designers to transmit large files to printers. Now often replaced by WeTransfer or Google Drive.

Catégorie 0514 termes

Web Design.

Interface design, usability, user experience, and professional tools.

UXUser Experience: Overall user experience with a digital product: utility, accessibility, fluidity, satisfaction. Focuses on journey mapping, information architecture, and prototyping before visual design.
UIUser Interface: Visible user interface: colors, typefaces, buttons, icons, spacing. Translates UX decisions into a cohesive and accessible visual language.
WireframeMaquette fonctionnelle: Simplified, grayscale schematic defining page structure: zones, hierarchy, components. Created before design to validate architecture without visual distraction.
MockupMaquette graphique: High-fidelity mockup representing the final interface with colors, typefaces, and illustrations. Static, used to validate artistic direction before prototyping.
Prototype: Interactive clickable mockup simulating the actual user journey. Tools: Figma, Framer. Allows experience testing before development.
Responsive Design: Design approach that automatically adapts display to all screen sizes. Built on fluid grids, flexible media, and CSS media queries. Industry standard since 2015.
Mobile-First: Design method starting with mobile version before extending to larger screens. Adopted by Google for indexing since 2019.
Parallax Effect: Animation technique where the background scrolls slower than foreground content. Creates depth perception. Use sparingly: potential Core Web Vitals impact.
Flat Design: Minimalist style without depth, shadows, or textures. Flat color areas, geometric shapes, readable typography. Adopted by Apple, Google, Microsoft since the mid-2010s.
Micro-interaction: Small animation triggered by user action: hover, click, toggle. Provides feedback, guides attention, and smooths experience without bloating the interface.
Figma: Online collaborative design tool, global leader since 2020. Combines prototyping, design systems, dev mode, and comments. Native .fig format, cross-platform.
Sketch: Native macOS interface design software, pioneer of modern UI design. .sketch format. Largely supplanted by Figma for collaborative teams.
Native App: App developed in the native language of an OS: Swift for iOS, Kotlin for Android. Optimal performance and hardware access, but doubled cost and maintenance.
Web App: Application accessed through a browser, no installation required. Universal, instant updates, indexable. Strengthened by Progressive Web Apps (PWA) that mimic native apps.

Catégorie 0616 termes

Web Development.

Architecture, technologies, hosting, and technical fundamentals of a website.

HTMLHyperText Markup Language: Markup language that structures web page content: headings, paragraphs, images, links. Foundation of every site, interpreted by browsers.
CSSCascading Style Sheets: Styling language for HTML: colors, typography, spacing, animations. Separates structure from presentation.
JavaScriptJS: Client-side programming language that brings pages to life: interactions, animations, API calls. Also used server-side via Node.js.
Brochure Site: Website presenting a business or brand without online transactions. Few editorial pages, focused on image, contact, and conversion to a call or form submission.
E-commerce Site: Merchant website enabling online sales: product catalog, shopping cart, secure payment, customer area. Solutions: Shopify, WooCommerce, PrestaShop, Medusa.
Dynamic Site: Site whose pages are generated on-demand from a database. Enables personalization and real-time content. Contrasts with static pre-generated sites.
Static Site: Site whose pages are pre-generated as HTML at build time. Ultra-fast, secure, cost-effective. Dominant approach in 2026 via Next.js, Astro, Hugo.
CMSContent Management System: Content management system enabling site editing without coding. Leaders: WordPress (40% of the web), Webflow, Payload, Sanity, Strapi for headless CMS.
Headless CMS: CMS separating content from presentation: exposes data via API, front-end is independent. Modern approach for multi-channel delivery and maximum performance (e.g. Payload, Sanity, Contentful).
APIApplication Programming Interface: Interface allowing two applications to communicate. REST and GraphQL are web standards. Connects front-end, back-end, third-party services, and integrations.
Web Hosting: Service storing a site's files on a server connected to the internet 24/7. Types: shared, VPS, dedicated, cloud. Modern platforms: Vercel, Netlify, Cloudflare Pages.
Domain Name: Text address of a site (e.g. studjoow.com) pointing to a server. Composed of a name and extension (.com, .fr). Managed by ICANN, leased through a registrar.
SSLSecure Sockets Layer: Encryption protocol between browser and server. Activates HTTPS and the padlock in the URL bar. Mandatory in 2026: without SSL, Google ranks sites lower and browsers display a warning.
Browser: Software that displays web pages: Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Edge, Brave. Interprets HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render sites as visible and interactive.
Search Engine: Web service indexing pages and returning them in response to queries: Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo, Brave Search, Kagi. Distinct from a browser.
Digital AccessibilityA11y: Designing sites usable by everyone, including people with disabilities (visual, auditory, motor, cognitive). Governed by WCAG 2.2 standards and RGAA in France. Mandatory for public sector.

Catégorie 0728 termes

Glyphs & Symbols.

Elementary components of letterforms and foundational typography vocabulary.

Glyph: The precise graphic representation of a typographic sign: letter, numeral, punctuation, accent, or symbol. The same character displays a different glyph depending on the typeface chosen.
Character: A typographic sign that composes text: letter, numeral, punctuation, or space. The character is the abstract concept; the glyph is its visual representation.
TypefaceFont: The complete set of glyphs in a typographic family: lowercase, capitals, numerals, punctuation, accents, and symbols. A family like Helvetica includes multiple typefaces (Light, Regular, Bold, etc.).
Type Family: A cohesive set of typefaces derived from the same basic design, varied in weight, style, and width. Ensures visual consistency across an identity or layout.
TrackingInterlettrage: Space between two characters. Distinct from kerning, which adjusts spacing between specific character pairs, and leading, which separates lines.
KerningKerning: Fine adjustment of spacing between specific character pairs (e.g., AV, To, Wa) to optically balance white space. Enabled by default in all professional typefaces.
Leading: Vertical space between two lines of text in the same paragraph. Recommended optimum: 120 to 145% of the point size. Too tight, text suffocates; too loose, it loses structure.
Case: The distinction between uppercase (capitals) and lowercase letters. The term derives from the wooden drawer where typographers stored metal type sorts.
Lowercase: Minuscule letters. More readable than capitals in running text because ascenders and descenders create a recognizable silhouette.
Capitals: Uppercase letters. Use on short titles or labels only, never on long paragraphs: their uniform height slows reading. Always pair with positive letter-spacing.
Small Capitals: Capitals drawn at the height of lowercase letters. Provide typographic emphasis without visual disruption. Available via OpenType (smcp) in professional typefaces.
Set Width: The width of a character, including its spacing. A narrow set width (condensed) gains compactness; a wide set width (extended) gains presence.
Point Size: The height of a character, expressed in points (1 pt ≈ 0.353 mm). In print, body text ranges from 9 to 12 pt; on screen, from 16 to 22 px.
SerifSerif: A small extension at the end of a stroke that extends the reading line. Distinguishes serif typefaces (Garamond, Times) from sans-serif (Helvetica, Inter). Three main types: curved, triangular, rectangular.
Sans-SerifLinéale: A typeface without serifs, with geometric or humanist construction. Web and interface standard since 2010. Families: Helvetica, Inter, Geist, Söhne.
Stem: The main vertical stroke of a glyph (e.g., the vertical bars of H, I, L). Often the thickest stroke in a character.
Ascender: The upward or downward extension of a lowercase character that exceeds the x-height. Tall ascenders: b, d, h; descenders: g, p, y.
X-Height: The height of the lowercase x, the baseline for all minuscules without ascenders. A large x-height improves legibility at small sizes; a small x-height conveys elegance and refinement.
Baseline: The invisible line on which all glyphs rest. A fundamental reference that aligns characters, numerals, and punctuation. Round characters extend slightly below for optical balance.
CounterContrepoinçon: The white space inside a glyph, either closed (a, o, p) or open (c, e, h). Its size directly influences legibility, especially at small sizes.
Thick and Thin: Variation in stroke weight within a glyph. Inherited from pen calligraphy: thick strokes descending, thin strokes ascending. A defining characteristic in type classification.
Diacritic: A mark added to a glyph to modify pronunciation: acute accent, grave, circumflex, diaeresis, cedilla. Essential in French; not all typefaces support them.
Ligature: The graphic fusion of two or three glyphs into one (fi, fl, ffi, ﬃ). Prevents visual collisions, especially between the stem of f and the dot of i. Activated via OpenType (`liga`).
Type Color: The visual density of a text block perceived by squinting. Uniform color signals a well-composed paragraph: consistent letterforms, proper leading, no white rivers.
Gutter: The vertical space separating two columns of text. Not to be confused with outer margin or letter-spacing. Calculated as a proportion of the point size.
Flush Left: Alignment where lines begin at the same point on the left and end freely on the right. Web standard; maintains regular letter-spacing without white rivers.
Flush Right: Alignment where lines end at the same point on the right and begin freely on the left. Limited use: captions, quotations, expressive layouts.
Justified: Alignment where each line occupies the full width by stretching spaces. Elegant in print with hyphenation; risky on the web where automatic hyphenation is imperfect.

Catégorie 0833 termes

Typographic Anatomy.

Detailed vocabulary of glyph forms and components.

Ascender: The part of a lowercase character that extends above the x-height. Found on b, d, f, h, k, l, t. Its height influences the elegance and readability of the typeface.
Descender: The part of a lowercase character that extends below the baseline. Found on g, j, p, q, y. Long descenders improve glyph distinction but require more generous line spacing.
Cap Height: The height of capital letters in a typeface. Often slightly shorter than ascender height, but variable depending on the design. Essential reference for vertical alignment of graphic elements.
Axis: The imaginary line passing through the thickest points of a rounded character (O, Q, C). Vertical in modern typefaces, slanted in humanist typefaces inspired by calligraphy.
Serif Angle: The connection between the stem and the serif. Concave in Humanist and Garalde typefaces, more pronounced in Realist, abrupt in Didone, rectangular in Slab Serif.
Interior Angle: The space formed at the junction of two strokes in a character. Its shape and openness affect readability, particularly in narrow widths where it may close up.
Bar: A horizontal stroke crossing the stem of lowercase f and t. Its form and position vary according to typographic classification.
Arm: A horizontal or diagonal stroke extending from a vertical stem, as in E, F, K. The length of the central arm of E helps identify the typeface family.
Bowl: A curved, closed counter-form, often connected to another counter by a hairline. Characteristic of the two-story g.
Closed Counter: White space completely enclosed within a character: a, b, d, e, g, o, p, q. Its size directly influences readability at small sizes.
Open Counter: White space partially enclosed: c, h, m, n, s, u. The wider the opening, the more readable the character remains at small sizes and on screen.
Hook: A curved extension at the end of a stem, as in J or f. Its form helps identify a typeface family.
Crook: A curved stroke extending a stem without forming a closed bowl. Visible on lowercase f, where it balances the character.
Shoulder: A curved stroke connecting one stem to another stem or leg. Found on lowercase h, m, n.
Spur: A small sharp projection at the junction of a bowl and stem, or at the end of a stroke. Characteristic of Garalde and Realist typefaces (e.g., capital G).
Serif: A small extension at the end of a terminal or hook. Inherited from calligraphy: suggests the continuity of the pen stroke.
Leg: A descending, often diagonal stroke in the lower half of a character. Found on K, R. The length of the leg of R helps identify certain typefaces (e.g., Bembo).
Junction: The meeting point between two strokes or between a stem and a diagonal. May form a right, acute, or obtuse angle depending on the design.
Lobe: The rounded bowl of a character, such as the two tiers of capital B or R. The lower lobe is almost always wider than the upper to ensure visual balance.
Ear: A small stroke at the top right of the upper bowl of a two-story g. Not to be confused with a serif.
Opening: The space through which an open counter communicates with the exterior. A wide opening improves readability, especially on screen.
Bowl: A curve forming a closed or semi-closed space within a character: the belly of a, B, P. Its size and shape strongly condition readability.
Apex: The junction of two diagonals forming an acute angle. Top apex on A, M, V; bottom apex on M, W. Its width depends on the contrast of the typeface.
Tail: The descending stroke at the base of capital Q, or the extension of the leg of R. Its form often distinguishes typefaces from each other.
Terminal: A tapered end of a stroke, crook, or crossbar. Characteristic of serif typefaces with strong contrast.
Spine: The curved central stroke of capital or lowercase S. Its curvature and contrast vary considerably between typeface families.
Waist: The junction of the two bowls of capital B, slightly above the vertical center for visual balance. Distinguished from the body size of the typeface.
Terminus: The end of a stem or stroke. Three main forms: tapered terminal, teardrop terminal (round), classic serif.
Diagonal: An element that is neither vertical nor horizontal. The comparison between thin and thick diagonals reveals the contrast of the typeface.
Crossbar: A horizontal stroke connecting two vertical stems, as in H. Distinguished from a bar, which crosses a single stem (T, F).
Dot: A mark above lowercase i and j. Variable in form (round, square, diamond) depending on the typeface, omitted in the case of diacritics or ligatures.
Teardrop: A rounded, tear-shaped terminal, common in Didone and classic Slab Serif typefaces. Gives an elegant finish to the character.
Flourish: A decorative extension of a stroke, especially in italics. Gives the letter a flamboyant appearance. Inherited from ancient calligraphic scripts.

Catégorie 0912 termes

Typography Classification.

Historical typeface families according to Vox-ATypI and Thibaudeau systems. Essential references for selecting typography.

Vox-ATypI Classification: International classification created by Maximilien Vox in 1952 and adopted by ATypI in 1962. Groups typefaces into 11 families based on historical origins: Humanist, Garalde, Transitional, Didone, Mechanical, Lineale, Inscribed, Handwritten, Script, Broken, Non-Latin.
Thibaudeau Classification: French classification created by Francis Thibaudeau in 1921. Simpler than Vox-ATypI, based on serif form. Four families: Elzevir (triangular serifs), Didot (hairline serifs), Slab (rectangular serifs), Antique (sans-serif).
Humanist: First Roman typefaces cut by Venetian printers in the 15th century. Short serifs, low contrast, inclined axis. Inspired by humanist manuscripts (e.g., Jenson, Centaur).
Garalde: Italian-French Renaissance typefaces (16th-17th centuries). Marked contrast, capitals shorter than ascenders. Classical elegance (e.g., Garamond, Sabon, Bembo).
Transitional: Typefaces between Garalde and Didone (17th-18th centuries). Narrower x-height, increased contrast, nearly vertical axis. Reflects rationalism of the Enlightenment (e.g., Baskerville, Times New Roman).
Didone: Neoclassical typefaces (18th-19th centuries) with extreme contrast between strokes and hairline serifs, vertical axis. Serifs as thin as strokes. Strict and elegant (e.g., Didot, Bodoni).
MechanicalÉgyptiennes (Thibaudeau): 19th-century industrial typefaces with thick, rectangular serifs. Mechanical and robust appearance (e.g., Rockwell, Memphis, Clarendon).
LinealeAntiques, Sans-serif: Sans-serif typefaces from the 19th century to today. Four subgroups: Grotesque (Helvetica), Neo-grotesque (Univers), Geometric (Futura, Avenir), Humanist (Frutiger, Optima).
Inscribed: Typefaces inspired by Latin inscriptions carved in stone. Light, nearly triangular serifs. Often used for display (e.g., Trajan, Albertus, Optima).
Script: Typefaces imitating rapid cursive handwriting. Connecting strokes between letters, slant, pen or brush execution. Family of Copperplate (Snell Roundhand) and modern calligraphic styles.
Handwritten: Typefaces imitating slow, deliberate handwriting predating typography. Drawn quality, often ornamental. Domain of formal pen lettering.
BrokenGothiques: Typefaces derived from medieval Gothic scripts. Broken strokes, sharp angles, high density. Still used for German newspaper mastheads or historical logos.

Catégorie 1012 termes

Performance & Speed.

Official Google metrics that measure real user experience.

Core Web VitalsCWV: The 3 official Google metrics that evaluate real user experience: LCP, INP, CLS.
LCPLargest Contentful Paint: Time before the largest visible element appears. Target: ≤ 2.5 s.
INPInteraction to Next Paint: Delay between an interaction and its visible response. Replaced FID since March 2024. Target: ≤ 200 ms.
CLSCumulative Layout Shift: Unintended layout shift during loading (buttons jumping). Target: ≤ 0.1.
FCPFirst Contentful Paint: Time before the first useful pixel is displayed.
TTFBTime To First Byte: Server response time. Target: ≤ 800 ms.
TTITime To Interactive: Time before the page is fully usable.
TBTTotal Blocking Time: Total time the main thread was blocked.
FIDFirst Input Delay: Legacy metric replaced by INP in 2024.
Speed Index: Perceived speed of visual page fill.
Long Task: JavaScript task longer than 50 ms that blocks interactivity.
Main Thread: The browser's core, single-threaded engine that executes JS and rendering.

Catégorie 1113 termes

SEO On-Page.

On-page optimizations: tags, structure, and metadata that signal relevance to search engines.

Title tag: The `<title>` tag; Google's most important editorial signal. 50–60 characters.
Meta description: Summary text displayed under the title in SERPs. Doesn't directly affect ranking but influences CTR. 150–160 characters.
H1, H2, H3: Semantic hierarchy of headings. One H1 per page. In 2026, phrase H2s as questions for query-to-heading alignment.
Canonical: Tag that designates the primary URL when duplicates exist (`<link rel="canonical">`). Prevents authority dilution.
Hreflang: Tag for multilingual sites; tells search engines which version to serve based on language.
Meta robots: Per-page indexing directive (`noindex`, `nofollow`).
OG tagsOpen Graph: Facebook and LinkedIn metadata for sharing: `og:title`, `og:description`, `og:image`.
Twitter Card: Equivalent for Twitter/X (`twitter:card="summary_large_image"`).
Breadcrumb: Visible navigation trail plus JSON-LD `BreadcrumbList` markup.
Internal linking: Site structure linking. Distributes authority across pages and signals priority.
Anchor text: Clickable link text. Should describe the destination; never use "click here."
Slug: The readable portion of a URL after the domain (`/blog/what-is-geo`).
Alt text: Image alternative text, read by screen readers and search engine bots.

Catégorie 1214 termes

SEO technique.

Crawlability, indexation, response codes, and SEO infrastructure fundamentals.

robots.txt: Root-level file that instructs crawlers which pages they are allowed to explore.
sitemap.xml: XML map of all important URLs to be submitted in Search Console.
llms.txt: Equivalent of robots.txt for LLMs. 2024–2025 standard that became major in 2026.
Redirect 301: Permanent redirect. Passes SEO authority to the destination URL.
Redirect 302: Temporary redirect. Does not pass SEO authority.
HTTP status codes: 200 OK, 301 redirect, 404 not found, 410 gone, 500 server error.
Soft 404: Page that returns a 200 status code despite having no actual content. Must be avoided.
Render-blocking: Resource (JavaScript, CSS) that blocks initial page rendering.
Crawl budget: Number of pages Google crawls per day on a given domain.
Hydration: Process where React or Next.js activates pre-rendered HTML with JavaScript. Excessive hydration causes poor INP.
Indexation: Action of adding a page to Google's index.
Index bloat: Too many low-value pages indexed, diluting site authority.
Orphan page: Page with no internal incoming links. Nearly invisible to crawlers.
Log analysis: Study of server logs to understand how Google actually crawls your site.

Catégorie 1314 termes

SEO off-page (authority).

Backlinks, domain authority, external trust signals.

Backlink: A link from another website to yours. The currency of off-page SEO.
DADomain Authority: Moz score (0–100) estimating a domain's authority.
PAPage Authority: Same metric, measured page by page.
TFTrust Flow: Majestic score measuring the quality of backlinks.
CFCitation Flow: Majestic score measuring the quantity of backlinks.
TF/CF ratio: Health indicator: TF ≥ CF/2 signals quality backlinks.
Spam Score: Probability that a domain will be penalized.
Link juice: Metaphor describing the transfer of authority through links.
Dofollow / Nofollow: The `rel="nofollow"` attribute tells Google not to follow or pass authority through a link.
Sponsored / UGC: `rel="sponsored"` (paid link), `rel="ugc"` (user-generated content). Must be declared.
Anchor text distribution: Spread of anchor text pointing to your site. Too much exact-match repetition triggers penalties.
Disavow: Google tool to disown toxic backlinks.
Digital PR: PR strategy to generate authoritative backlinks through press coverage.
Linkbait: Content designed to naturally earn backlinks (research, infographics).

Catégorie 1414 termes

GEO & Generative AI.

Generative Engine Optimization: get cited by ChatGPT, Perplexity, and AI Overviews.

GEOGenerative Engine Optimization: Optimization to be cited by conversational AI systems.
AEOAnswer Engine Optimization: Similar term that emphasizes answer engine optimization.
AI Overviews: AI-generated answers featured at the top of Google Search results. Reached 1.5 billion monthly users by 2026.
SGESearch Generative Experience: Former name for AI Overviews prior to 2024.
AI Mode: Conversational interface in Google Search launched in 2025–2026.
RAGRetrieval Augmented Generation: Technique combining LLM with real-time search capabilities. Used by ChatGPT Search and Perplexity.
Embeddings: Vector representation of text that allows LLMs to measure semantic similarity.
Semantic search: Search by meaning rather than exact keywords.
Citation rate: Estimated percentage of AI responses mentioning your brand within your industry.
Information gain: Key concept: what your content offers that no other source provides. Major criterion for AI citation.
Query-to-heading match: Reformulate H2s as questions to align with user searches. Best practice as of 2026.
Brand mention: Brand citation without a link. Increasingly important in GEO because LLMs read it.
Co-occurrence: Appearing alongside known entities (competitors, references) strengthens your entity recognition.
Entity disambiguation: Distinguishing your brand from a namesake. Schema markup and sameAs attributes serve this purpose.

Catégorie 1521 termes

Structured Data (schema.org).

Standardized vocabulary for describing entities and content to search engines and AI.

Schema.org: Standardized vocabulary for describing web entities. Maintained by Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo.
JSON-LD: Structured data format recommended by Google since 2015. The simplest implementation method.
Microdata: Legacy inline markup format. Still valid but verbose and harder to maintain.
RDFa: Alternative structured data format. Rarely used in practice.
Organization: Entity schema for organizations. Core to digital identity and brand presence.
Person: Schema for individuals. Critical for author E-E-A-T signals.
Article / BlogPosting: Schema for editorial content. Includes author, publication dates, and sections.
FAQPage: Schema for FAQ pages. Reduced for rich snippets in 2026 but used by AI Mode.
HowTo: Schema for tutorials and guides. Also reduced in 2026.
Product: For e-commerce product pages.
Review / AggregateRating: For user reviews and ratings.
BreadcrumbList: Schema for breadcrumb navigation trails.
SoftwareApplication: For apps and SaaS products.
Event: For events with date, location, and pricing.
Recipe: For cooking recipes. Highly visual in Google Search results.
VideoObject: For video content. Enables appearance in Video Carousels.
SpeakableSpecification: CSS selectors designating passages readable aloud by voice assistants and AI.
sameAs: Property pointing to official profiles of an entity (LinkedIn, Wikipedia, GitHub).
mainEntity: Property designating the primary entity of a page.
knowsAbout: For Person: domains of expertise. Strengthens E-E-A-T signals.
@graph: Container allowing multiple schema entities to be nested in a single script.

Catégorie 1613 termes

Crawl & Indexation.

How Googlebot and AI crawlers explore and index your site.

Crawler / Bot: Program that traverses the web to index pages (Googlebot, Bingbot, GPTBot…).
User-agent: Identifier that bots declare: `Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1)`.
GPTBot: OpenAI crawler used to train ChatGPT. Must be explicitly authorized in 2026.
ClaudeBot: Anthropic crawler.
PerplexityBot: Perplexity AI crawler.
Google-Extended: Google crawler that determines whether your content can train Gemini.
CCBot: Common Crawl bot, used by many LLMs.
Crawl rate: Speed at which a bot requests pages from your site.
Mobile-first indexing: Google indexes the mobile version by default since 2018.
Last-modified: HTTP header that tells crawlers when a page was last updated.
ETag: HTTP header that allows browsers to verify whether a resource has changed.
Cache-Control: HTTP header that governs browser caching behavior.
Pagination: Links using `rel="prev"` and `rel="next"` (deprecated by Google in 2019 but still used by others).

Catégorie 175 termes

Search Engines & AI.

Overview of traditional search engines and new AI interfaces.

Classic SEO Engines: Google, Bing, Qwant, DuckDuckGo, Yandex, Baidu, Naver, Ecosia.
Conversational AI Engines: ChatGPT (OpenAI), Perplexity, Gemini (Google), Claude (Anthropic), Copilot (Microsoft).
Specialized AI Engines: You.com, Phind (code), Andi, Komo.
Voice Assistants: Google Assistant, Alexa, Siri.
Index Sources: Google Index, Bing Index (used by Perplexity and ChatGPT Search), Common Crawl (used to train LLMs).

Catégorie 1810 termes

Editorial Quality (E-E-A-T).

Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness — Google's framework for content quality evaluation.

E-E-A-T: Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, Trustworthiness. Google's framework for evaluating content quality.
YMYLYour Money or Your Life: Sensitive topics (health, finance) where Google requires very high E-E-A-T standards.
Quality Rater Guidelines: Google's 170+ page document that guides human evaluators. Open reference.
Helpful Content: Google's system that rewards content written for humans first, with genuine usefulness.
People-First Content: Google's principle: write for people first, then optimize for search.
Topical Authority: A site's authority on a specific subject, measured by content depth and consistency.
Content Gap: A topic or search query your competitors rank for but you don't.
Cannibalization: Multiple pages on the same site targeting the same keyword and competing with each other.
Author Bio: A box presenting the author's credentials. Critical for E-E-A-T signals.
Editorial Guidelines: Published editorial policy. A signal of credibility and professionalism.

Catégorie 1910 termes

Search & Intent.

Search intent and query types: informational, navigational, transactional, and commercial.

Search intent: The intention behind a search query. Four main types.
Informational intent: User seeks to learn (e.g., "what is GEO").
Navigational intent: User seeks a specific website (e.g., "Studjoow site").
Transactional intent: User seeks to buy (e.g., "buy SEO audit").
Commercial intent: User compares before purchase (e.g., "best GEO tool 2026").
Long tail: Long, specific search queries. Lower volume but higher conversion rate.
Head terms: Short, highly competitive search queries (e.g., "SEO").
Search volume: Number of monthly searches for a given keyword.
Keyword difficulty: Score from 0–100 estimating ranking difficulty for a keyword.
SERP volatility: Measure of changes in search results. High volatility indicates active Google update.

Catégorie 2011 termes

SERP Features.

Rich snippets, knowledge panels, local pack, and other Google search result boxes.

SERPSearch Engine Results Page: Search engine results page.
Featured Snippet: Answer box in position zero, above standard search links.
People Also AskPAA: Expandable related questions in the SERP.
Knowledge Panel: Right-side box describing an entity (brand, person, location).
Local Pack: Map plus three local results from Google Maps.
Image Pack: Image carousel in search results.
Video Carousel: YouTube or other video carousel.
Top Stories: News box. Restricted to Google News-approved sites.
Sitelinks: Sub-links displayed under a brand's main search result.
Discover: Google feed on Android and the Google app.
Zero-Click Search: Search where the user gets an answer without clicking. Rising sharply with AI Overviews.

Catégorie 2111 termes

Measurement & Analytics.

GA4, Search Console, CrUX, KPIs and performance indicators.

CTRClick-Through Rate: Click-through rate: impressions ÷ clicks.
Impressions: Number of times your page appeared in a SERP.
Bounce rate: Bounce rate: visits with a single page view.
Dwell time: Time spent on the page before returning to results.
Session: Grouped visit with a maximum of 30 minutes of inactivity between actions.
Conversion rate: Conversion rate: visits that complete an objective.
GA4Google Analytics 4: Successor to Universal Analytics since July 2023.
Search ConsoleGSC: Google's SEO console. Source of truth for rankings.
CrUXChrome User Experience Report: Source of real Core Web Vitals data.
Search Analytics: Key GSC report: queries, pages, countries, devices.
Index coverage: GSC report on the indexation status of pages.

Catégorie 229 termes

Web Architecture (Rendering).

CSR, SSR, SSG, ISR: how HTML is generated and served.

CSRClient-Side Rendering: Page built in the browser. Poor for SEO if used alone.
SSRServer-Side Rendering: Page built on the server at each visit. Good SEO, expensive.
SSGStatic Site Generation: Page pre-generated at build time, served as static HTML. Fastest option.
ISRIncremental Static Regeneration: SSG that regenerates at intervals. Combines SSG speed with content freshness.
RSCReact Server Components: Components executed on the server, with no JS sent to the client. Next.js 13+ pattern.
Streaming: Progressive delivery of HTML for faster initial display.
Suspense: React API for handling progressive loading.
Hydration: Awakening of static HTML with JavaScript to make it interactive.
Partial prerendering: Partial pre-rendering: the shell is static, dynamic content loads on demand.

Catégorie 238 termes

Security & HTTP Headers.

HTTPS, HSTS, CSP, CORS and other security protections.

HTTPS: HTTP encrypted via TLS. Required for SEO since 2014.
HSTSStrict-Transport-Security: Header forcing HTTPS for all future visits.
CSPContent Security Policy: Header controlling which resources are allowed to load.
CORSCross-Origin Resource Sharing: Governs cross-domain access to resources.
X-Frame-Options: Protects against clickjacking (`SAMEORIGIN`, `DENY`).
X-Content-Type-Options: `nosniff` prevents the browser from guessing MIME type.
Referrer-Policy: Controls what is sent in the `Referer` header to visited sites.
Permissions-Policy: Restricts browser APIs (camera, microphone, geolocation) by feature.

Catégorie 249 termes

Network & Hosting.

CDN, DNS, edge, HTTP/2, HTTP/3, network infrastructure.

CDNContent Delivery Network: Network of servers distributed globally (Cloudflare, Vercel Edge, Fastly).
DNSDomain Name System: Directory that resolves domain names to IP addresses.
TTLTime To Live: Time to live for a DNS or HTTP cache.
Edge: Server geographically closest to the user.
Cold start: Additional latency on the first call to an inactive serverless function.
Gzip / Brotli: HTTP compression algorithms. Brotli is approximately 20% more efficient.
HTTP/2: Request multiplexing. Standard since 2015.
HTTP/3: Based on QUIC, faster on degraded networks. Growing adoption.
Anycast DNS: Same IP routed to the geographically closest datacenter.

Catégorie 259 termes

Conversion & UX.

CRO, A/B testing, heatmaps, friction, and user journey optimization.

CROConversion Rate Optimization: Conversion rate optimization.
A/B test: Compare two versions of a page on a sample audience.
Heatmap: Visual map of clicks and read zones.
Scroll depth: Average scroll distance traveled on a page.
CTACall To Action: Button or link that prompts action.
Friction: Anything that slows conversion: unnecessary form fields, popups, latency.
Sticky CTA: CTA that remains visible while scrolling.
Above the fold: Visible area without scrolling.
Microcopy: Small interface text: button labels, fields, tooltips, error messages. Often overlooked.

Catégorie 2610 termes

Marketing acquisition.

SEM, SEA, PPC, CAC, LTV, ROAS and paid acquisition economics.

SEMSearch Engine Marketing: Encompasses SEO + SEA.
SEASearch Engine Advertising: Paid advertising in search engines (Google Ads).
PPCPay Per Click: Model where the advertiser pays per click.
CPCCost Per Click: Average cost per click for advertising.
CPMCost Per Mille: Cost per 1,000 impressions.
Ad CTR: Click-through rate of an advertisement.
Quality Score: Google Ads metric that influences ad cost.
ROASReturn On Ad Spend: Return on ad spend.
CACCustomer Acquisition Cost: Customer acquisition cost.
LTVLifetime Value: Lifetime value—total revenue a customer generates over their relationship with a business.

Catégorie 2710 termes

Professional Tools.

SEO/GEO 2026 tools stack: performance, suite, crawl, schema, analytics.

Performance: PageSpeed Insights, Lighthouse, GTmetrix, WebPageTest, Calibre.
Core Web Vitals Monitoring: CrUX Dashboard, SpeedCurve, DebugBear.
Complete SEO Suites: Ahrefs, Semrush, Moz, Sistrix, SE Ranking.
Backlink Analysis: Majestic, Ahrefs, Open PageRank.
Site Crawling: Screaming Frog, Sitebulb, OnCrawl, Botify.
Schema.org Validation: Schema.org Validator, Google Rich Results Test, Schema App.
Search Console: Google Search Console, Bing Webmaster Tools.
Analytics: Google Analytics 4, Plausible, Fathom, Matomo.
Server Logs: OnCrawl, Splunk, Logz.io.
GEO 2026 (AI Visibility Measurement): SK: VR, Profound, Otterly.AI, Athena Intelligence.

Source

Compilé par John Houzi (Studjoow) à partir de Google Search Central, Schema.org, web.dev, Anthropic, OpenAI, Perplexity et de retours terrain. Mis à jour régulièrement. Diffusion libre avec mention de la source.